Mathematicians give these common number systems names for simplicity-base 2 is binary, base 8 is octal, base 10 is decimal, and base 16 is hexadecimal. We can then say that each digit is a power of 2, which would mean that 10111001 is actually 1 * 2 7 + 0 * 2 6 + 1 * 2 5 + 1 * 2 4 + 1 * 2 3 + 0 * 2 2 + 0 * 2 1 + 1 * 2 0, or 185 in base 10.ДЄs you can imagine, you can have number systems based on any number! Some common ones in math are base 2, base 8, base 10, and base 16. We know this is the base 2 system because each digit has value 0 through 1. this is called the base 10 system! In the base 10 system, each digit can have the value 0 through 9 (0 through 10-1). Since ones is 10 0, tens is 10 1, hundreds is 10 2, etc. Put together, this means 5 hundreds + 9 tens + 7 ones (500 + 90 + 7)вЂ¦or five hundred ninety-seven. In the example of 597, the 5 indicates that there are 5 hundreds, the 9 indicates that there are 9 tens, and the 7 indicates that there are 7 ones. Each of the digits occupies a place-value, and the 1 or 0 in that place-value indicates how many times the place-value is counted. Ever heard of bits and bytes? Individually, these 1s and 0s are bits, and when they are in groups of 8, they are called bytes !ДЄ byte might look something like this: 10111001ДЄs it turns out, this sequence of eight represents a number the same way a number like 597 represents five hundred ninety-seven. These highs and lows in a digital signal represent 1s and 0s respectively that, when put together in sequence, carry information that can be interpreted by microcontrollers. In a digital signal, data is transferred as a sequence of high to low and low to high switchings that occur very rapidly. Before we discuss communication protocols, weвЂ™ll first discuss how these signals are transmitted.

Inter-device communication occurs over digital signals. In this tutorial, we hope to introduce the standard communication protocols that electronic devices use and explain each of them in detail using Arduino Uno. With any serious hobby electronics work, youвЂ™re bound to run into one or more of the main communication protocols in use, be it when working with different sensors, or with modules such as the ESP8266. Devices need to communicate with each other to relay information about the environment, express changes in their states, or request auxiliary actions be performed. Today we will be discussing Arduino communication protocols. 3 protocols for device communication: UART, SPI, and I2C.

Using serial communication protocol